Questions On Online Regulation On The Code Of Cyberspace

LSE ID- 201335899 Cyberpaternalism and Network Communitarianism sit in opposition to each other. Cyberpaternalists believe that online regulation is effected through changes in the code of cyberspace, while Network Communitarians believe that the community takes part in the regulatory dialogue through action and reaction. Can the two be reconciled? If not, which is to be preferred and why? ANSWER As we know world has undergone a digital transformation of an astonishingly wide range of material artifacts interwoven with social practices in 20th century. Lets’ take an example of a bank where a person sits in a wooden cabin with little scraps of paper and an adding machine and replace it with an ATM accessible 24 hours a day or an example of classroom with the teacher, blackboard, books and verbal lecture and replace it with materials presented in computer hardware and software and call it interactive learning. But the boons and banes of this â€Å"digital technology† require constant surveillance. Censorship is often a matter of perspectives. The legitimizing motivations behind controlling flows of information often lie in paternalistic desires to protect weaker individuals whether they are children or adults. The problem of perspectives is one of cultural relativism in the sense that â€Å"we† limit access to information in an effort to defend important c ultural values and social stability. The purpose of this essay is to ascertain which school of thought regulating the digitalShow MoreRelatedCyber Libertarianism : A Declaration Of Independence1594 Words   |  7 Pagesboarders within seconds. Cyberspace has made it easier to access things for the everyday man but with kind of power at our fingertips shouldn’t it have some kind of control? Regulations that govern what can and cannot be done or used online. One would think that the same rules that apply in the real world should apply in cyberspace right? Well John Perry Barlow think differently, in February of 1996 he published what is now called ‘a declaration of independence on behalf of cyberspace’, where he said thatRead MoreEssay on Marketing Cyberlaw1382 Words   |  6 PagesCyberlaw is defined as: encompassing all the cases, statutes, and constitutional provisions that impact persons and institutions who control the entry to cyberspace, provide access to cyberspace, create the hardware and software which enable people to access cyberspace, or use their own computers to go online and enter cyberspace (UCLA Online Institute). The difficulty with many in the Marketing professional is that a large amount are not trained in the law, or do not consider legal implicationsRead More Internet Society: Technologies and Politics of Control Essay1921 Words   |  8 Pagesfile sharers warp reality and forever create this notion that digital media, notably music doesn’t require the money it always had before? Through this paper, I will attempt to prove that the social norms of the Internet public were corrupted by code, by deceptive P2P programs that mask reality for the sake of prosperity. It is this warped social norm that plagues the future of digital media tomorrow. By examining the programs that have forced this revolution (Napster, LimeWire, KaZaA) much canRead MoreEssay on The Efforts to Regulate the Internet5321 Words   |  22 PagesThe Efforts to Regulate the Internet Abstract â€Å"Cyberspace is both the popular medias new darling and new demon, revealing a new, expansive intellectual horizon but simultaneously providing easy access to an infinite, virtual Pandoras box† [1]. This paper shall discuss the situations that have raised the need for the Internet regulations, and in particular, Internet content censorship. Then, it shall review the regulatory efforts worldwide, with respect to the local cultures and governmentalRead MoreShould The Internet Be Regulated? Essay2064 Words   |  9 PagesDiscuss how the Internet is or should be regulated with reference to at least one scholar who has written about issues of Internet regulation It is easy to think that the Internet should be regulated especially with the way in which the world works with the increasingly rapid advancements in technology. However, there is also some very good reasons for why the internet should not be regulated and remain open to everyone. The World Wide Web was founded by Tim Berners Lee in 1990, in those times theRead More Copyright in Cyberspace Essay4853 Words   |  20 PagesCopyright in Cyberspace That cyberspace has had and will have a significant impact on our lives is fact. People, however, love to take this effect to the extreme, saying that cyberspace is tending more and more toward lawlessness and anarchy. Popular phrases include: â€Å"Cyberspace will render law ineffective.† â€Å"There is no way to police cyberspace.† â€Å"The government cannot penetrate cyberspace with its laws and regulations.† These are all relatively common views. Part of this trend is theRead MoreThe Private Individual On The Internet Essay2315 Words   |  10 Pagesthe private individual on the internet Alex Cornelius* The Internet is an international network of interconnected computers that enables millions of people to communicate with each other in Cyberspace. Some refer to the Internet as the World Wide Web- at the time of its creation, the Internet was a designated high-speed network built by the U.S. Department of Defense as a digital communications experiment. The Internet is no longer just a communications experiment and is used in nearly everyone’sRead MoreThe Importance of Internet Regulation in Fighting Piracy and Enforcing Copyright Claims1710 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Regulation in Fighting Piracy and Enforcing Copyright Claims In 1980s, the Internet developed, and this brought about the growth of the file transfer protocol (FTP) servers, electronic mail (e-mail), and World Wide Web (WWW) as online services. The development has caused major challenges for copyright law. Digital technologies and Internet services have facilitated the reproduction and worldwide copyright dissemination easy and high-speed quantities with the protected works at no qualityRead MoreTort and Social Media5492 Words   |  22 PagesShort, J. L. (2012). The political turn in American administrative law: Power, rationality, and reasons. Duke Law Journal 61(8) 1811-1881. Liu, K. (2012). FDA and Social Media: The impact of social media on prescription drug advertising, JOLT Digest, Online Companion to the Harvard Journal of Law and Technology. Retrieved from http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/digest-comment/fda-and-social-media-the-impact-of-social-mediaon-prescription-drug-advertisin Feldman, Y., Teichman, D. (2011). Are all contract ualRead MoreStronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary3382 Words   |  14 PagesStronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary The Internet, 2005 As you read, consider the following questions: 1. What company was sued because its Web site s advertisement placed cookies on the computers of people visiting the site? 2. In what European country was a privacy-protection law used to curtail free speech, according to Mishkin? The right to privacy has been around since the early part of the last century. It has evolved to apply—more or less—to a disparate array of social

The Role Of Cognition When Participating At The Communion...

This paper will critically discuss the role of cognition when participating at the communion table. It will explore the question, ‘does understanding at a cognitive level play a crucial role in receiving what the sacraments are conveying?’ Role of Cognition. Cognition is a term referring to how a person understands and acts on different issues. These skills are transformed into signals that our brains can understand, everything from something very simple to something extremely difficult. They are to do with the means of how we pay attention, listen, remember, work out, learn, and even believe. At every age people are curious and have a desire to seek and uncover facts. Even though all people are seeking for something today spirituality†¦show more content†¦The Lord Supper was established to help us remember what Christ has done for our salvation. All who are going to partake of the Lord’s supper should examine themselves first and deal with any problems and difficulties that they have in their hearts and life. The celebration must be set apart from the pagan festival, and each person must be conscious of what happening as they partake. The Lord supper is an unsophisticated ceremony, where believers can meet and partake of bread and wine, it is a sacred act of thanksgiving communion and remembrance. Furthermore, it is a sacrament that should be received repeatedly where continuing fellowship with God and his people can be obtained. As we participate in the Lord’s supper then the past becomes the present and we are sharing in the once and for all sacrifice of Calvary but that is not all it is also predicting the future fulfi lment of Christ returning. The significance of cognitive awareness in connection with receiving what the sacrament is conveying can be seen in the numerous ways that Christians have understood the rituals. Throughout history, between the different Christians denominations there has been much dispute over the different understandings of the Lord’s supper. The two statements that have caused major problems are in Luke 22:17-22 where Christ declared to the Apostles â€Å"Do this in Remembrance of Me†, and in Mark 14:26-29 where Christ states that his body is theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology

GAP Analysis Report and Action Plan

Question: Discuss about the GAP Analysis Report and Action Plan. Answer: Introduction The assignment describes about GAP analysis. The assignment has provided literature review and research methodology for the topic. GAP analysis describes about the differences in expected performances and current performances of the company. It suggests measures that how such gap can be bridged and there can be match between the current and actual performance of the company. The essay has considered the emirates group for analysis over GAP (Sharma, 2013). Literature review Gap Analysis Concept GAP analysis describes about the difference between desired results of the project and actual results of the project and how to bridge the gap between these two. SWOT analysis Technique SWOT analysis is also used for bridging the gap between desired performances and actual performances by making the management understand strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This analysis describes about how opportunities can be grabbed, and threats can be overcome by working on the company strength and weakness. Bridging the gap perspective This technique answers the management regarding following questions such as: where are we? This question answers the present condition of the management. It focuses on the current factors of the management like attributes, competitive advantage of the company. The second questions need to be answered by GAP analysis is where do we want to be? The answer to this question describes about the future aspect of its current factors. GAP analysis, helps the management to build the gap between desired performances and actual performances (Crefeld, 2011). Methodology Problem Definition In case of given company, The Emirates group, the company has faces a problem of market growth. The reason behind this, is the increase in competition, the aviation industry faces intense competition due to which the company faces threat of losing its market growth. Besides this, the intense competition would also lead to increase in the cost of setting standard cost for its products and services. Objectives The objective behind analyzing the problem is to know the position of the company in the aviation industry. One more objective of analyzing the problem is how to compete with the intense completion. Significance The GAP analysis is significant for the company to know about the current image of the company in mind of its customers. Here an analysis needs to be done as what are the differences in the current image and desired image of the company. It is required by the company to follow GAP strategy so to resolve the key difference issues (International monetary fund, 2016). Assignment Model There are different model of GAP analysis such as: customer gap, provider gap 1, provider gap 2, provider gap 3, provider gap 4. In case of given case study of the emirates group, the company comes in customer gap, the reason behind this is difference in perception of the company and expectations of the consumer from the company (Langhammer, 2007). Assignment Measurement Tools Assignment Scale In was presumed that for applying GAP analysis, the difference between the present state of knowledge and desired level of knowledge is described. For better analysis of GAP, organization has to conduct SWOT analysis. Virtual Group Virtual group are the members of the company who are very geographically dispersed. These are the persons who play a complimentary role for the company in terms of skills and communicational strategy. In case of Aviation Company, these strategies are required to increase in the performances of the company in consumers mind. Data Collection For analyzing the market growth of the company, the data can be collected by primary sources and secondary sources. In primary sources, data can be collected by preparing questionnaire. While in case of secondary sources data can be collected by credit rating agencies (Nazaridoust, Bidgoli, Rezaeenoor, 2013). Descriptive Analysis GAP analysis provides the company qualitative data in terms of performance of the company (Hollins Shinkins, 2006). Recommendation By analyzing the essay on GAP analysis it is recommended for the company to focus on increasing quality in the products and services as provided by the company to its customers. Increase in quality is required for the company as it would indirectly lead to increase in the market growth rate of the company. Besides this, it is also recommended for the company to do an in-depth analysis of the data collected. This would lead to bridge the GAP in expected performance and current performance of the company (CORDS, 2015). Conclusion By studying the essay over the GAP analysis and the problem of the emirates group it is concluded that every organization should do GAP analysis. The reason behind this is to know the current position and expected position of the company, and to find out measures so to overcome the differences. For doing GAP analysis SWOT analysis plays a considerable role, as it better analyses the current and future opportunities of the company. References CORDS,. (2015) Leishmaniasis GAP analysis report and action plan. Retrieved on 16th March, 2017 from https://www.cordsnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FINAL-Leishmaniasis-Gap-Analysis-Report-and-Action-Plan_30-January-2016.pdf Crefeld, D,. (2011) Identifying and correcting service quality problems by applying the GAP-model-musterstadter golfclub e.V., GRIN Verlag Hollins, B Shinkins, S,. (2006) Managing service operations: design and implementation, SAGE, London International monetary fund,. (2016) Denmark: Technical assistance report-revenue administration gap analysis program- The value- added tax gap Langhammer, P, F,. (2007) Identification and GAP analysis of key biodiversity areas: Targets for comprehensive protected area systems, IUCN, Switzerland Nazaridoust, M,. Bidgoli, B, M Rezaeenoor, J,. (2013) Providing a triangular model for GAP analysis case study: Iran Khodro company, IJCSI International journal of computer science issues, Vol 10(1) Sharma, A,. (2013) ExpertBA, GAP analysis. Retrieved on 6th March, 2017 from https://expertbusinessanalyst.com/gap-analysis/

How to improve your writing skill free essay sample

Education is important for Cambodia Student Education Is often the best tool for creating wealth and happiness. Education can help us to obtain and maintain our house, Job, and business In the future. The higher level of your education, the more average of salary you got. The higher opportunity for us is three times or more great than people who without high school degree or bachelor degree. Nowadays the job rates opportunity in Cambodia is low. So we need higher education to get some good Job to improve the quality of our life. On the other hand Education can also help business person make more money because they use their education tend to make more Inform declslon for their consumers, There are three kinds of book owners There are three kinds of book owners. The first hast all standard sets and best sellers who unread and untouched. The second has a great many books, a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as he day they were bought. We will write a custom essay sample on How to improve your writing skill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This person would probably like to make books his own, but Is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance. The third has a few books or many but every one of them dog-eared and broken down, shake and loosen by continual use, marked and scribbled from front to back. Computer have provided great benefits to modern society Undoubtedly, one of the most significant innovations in recent years has been computer technology. However, a matter of considerable controversy at present is the ssue whether the modern world benefits from artificial intelligence, or is rather addicted to using it. Apart from being time-saving, computers can also do things which people could hardly do before. For instance, people can find and share information in Just a few seconds, or spend their free time reading electronic books, listening to music or even connecting with people from the other corners of the world. Furthermore, many scientists agree that computer technology plays a major role in modern medicine, in the future genetic engineers could be able to find new ures for diseases like cancer, AIDS or diabets. Consequently, life-expectancy is longer than it used to be 20 years ago. Goldfish make the best pets for several reasons Goldfish is the best pets for several reasons which make us have a comfortable and good time. It didnt border us like dogs or cats that have vocal cords and make noises at the most inopportune times, like when youre trying to sleep. And Goldfish, all we need to keep a fish happy is a bowl or tank, some food and ample amounts of water. Also, you dont have to worry that your goldfish is going to go piddle in the corner when youre away from home for a few hours. Goldfish dont require all of that. We just pick up a Jar of special fishy flakes from the pet store and youre good to go for several months which do not cost much. On the other hand Goldfish dont care if youre there or not. They spend their days sleeping, eating and swimming without a second thought about who is on the other side of the glass. So we dont need to spend time to entertain them.

Macbeth And Justice Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth And Justice Even though people in retributive justice feel satisfaction, the perpetrator can also suffer. William Shakespeare's powerful Macbeth shows the deterioration of an honourable and respectable general, Macbeth, who becomes a tragic hero after temptations from the witches and his wife to perform murders. Macbeth soliloquies enable the audience to experience the conflict within Macbeth and thus, gain an understanding of the reasons for his behavior and decisions. As a result, the tremendous reversal of Macbeth's fortunes in the end leaves the audience filled not with pity, but also awe, at the realization that people can suffer greatly. Macbeth's soliloquies before the murder of Duncan shows the vigorous internal struggle of himself, as his conscience is fighting against his evil minds. Also, they shows Macbeth has brought his own downfall upon himself. The audience will then feel pity about Macbeth's deterioration brought by himself when witnessing his choice of following the evil. Macbeth is a courageous and honourable general in Scotland. His success in the battle against the invaders of Scotland gains respect from the King Duncan and his fellow soldiers. However, the demonic forces, symbolized by three witches, temptates Macbeth. The witches hail Macbeth as the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor who will be king and hail Banquo, who is a nobleman of Scotland and Macbeth's friend, as one who will become the father of a line of kings. Macbeth ambition deep in his heart starts growing at that time. In Act I, scene iii, when Macbeth is thinking about the fulfillment of the two prophecies given by the witches before, "My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes my single state of man"(I, iii, 139- 140) In this soliloquy, Macbeth reflects his idea about the "two truths" told by the witches. He is ambitious to become king, as he reacts nervously when the witches mention his fate. The very idea of murder "shakes his single state of man". However, at this! point, he is loyal to the king, and he rejects the idea of murder, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir."(I, iii, 143-144) The predictions by the witches may have strengthened the criminal intentions that he had probably never yet dared to express clearly, even to himself. He is not alliance with crime, he is neutral, but obviously temptation is working upon him. Yet, he might overcome the promptings of his evil ambition by an effort. After the battle, Macbeth is greeted with effusive thanks by Duncan. Duncan then announces that he will make Malcolm heir to the throne. In Act I, scene iv, Macbeth in his aside states that this announcement is a bar to his ambition and calls upon darkness to cover what he wishes to be done: That is a step on which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; let not light see my black and deep desires: The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see (I, iv, 49-54) As Duncan makes the announcement, Macbeth starts wondering if murder is the only way in which he can achieve the kingship. His ambition overcomes his finer nature. He calls upon the stars to hide their light, indicating that his "black" desires comes out, and he thinks it is too evil to be seen. Macbeth's image of the eyes' winking upon the work of the hand is expressive both of his intense aversion to the deed and of his intense desire to get what the deed will accomplish. At the same time his "let that be" marks the point at which his fascinated contemplation of the thought of murdering Duncan becomes a resolution, although he will waver from it. The opposition between eye and hand is indicative of the civil war within him. In Act I, scene iv, shortly after Duncan's arrival to Macbeth's castle, Macbeth gives voice to his feeling concerning the rashness and the awfulness of the projected murder: If it were done when ?tis done, then ?twere well it were done quickly. If th' assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch, with his surcease, success; that but this blow might be the be-ball and the end-all -- here. But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, we'd jump the life to come. But in these cases we still have judgment here. (I, vii, 1--8) At this point, Macbeth's character has fallen to the point where he

Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Essays

Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Essays Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Paper Landscape in Bessie Heads Collector of Treasures Paper Essay Topic: In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women In this essay I will explore the construction of spatial discourses as they inform endured, racial and other ideologically policed senses of cultural identity. The prescribed statement; The questions of home, land, language and cultural expression are central to the constitution of identity, much as awareness of issues of gender, race, class and national identity are integral to the creative construction of liberating postcolonial subjects will be investigated through four stories from her short story collection, The Collector of Treasures (1992). The stories that will be looked at are The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration, Jacob: The Story of a Faith-Healing Priest, Life and The Wind and a Boy. Each story will be looked at in terms of societal changes; character displacement and exile themes; the clash between encroaching modernism and capitalism (brought about by colonialism and arguably neocolonialism) and tribal traditionalism; and dualities which reveal this clash of value as well as centers relating to control and gender. Because of the nature of her personal life and the themes with which she deals, each story will also be looked at in terms of borders: symbolic, topographic and temporal. Borders, by definition, keep things in as ell as keep things out, and so these raise the questions of space, place and belonging. For this reason, it becomes a postcolonial concern to envisage Heads fictional stories as textual landscapes by which she and the reader are allowed to navigate the potholes of gender, society, and the construction of identity. Bessie Head had a much-varied life while living in South Africa. She lived as a foster child until she was thirteen years old, studied at a mission school, trained as a teacher, and after a few years teaching, worked as a journalist for a DRIED publication, Golden City post. Head left South Africa and moved to Botswana, where she lived as a refugee for fifteen years (Head 1992:I). The Botswana government refused to grant her citizenship, fearing South African intervention should the exile community expand, and so she was forced to report weekly to the police (Nixon 1996:244). Ender Apartheid she had been the product of an illegal union between a black man and a white woman, and so her sense of cultural identity was pushed to the periphery. Her move to Botswana was not simply promoted by the search for freedom from racial oppression, but for a search of belonging. She had been rootless in South Africa, and unlike other African writers in exile, did not pursue the literary roots to the Northern Hemisphere, but moved to Botswana, one door away from South Africa (Head, cited in Nixon 1996: 243). And so, Heads move to neighboring Botswana reveals in her a belief which permeates her writing, that in being African there exists some essential connection across borders. It was a search as an African for a sense Of historical continuity, a sense of roots (Head cited in Sample 1991: 312). Head gained citizenship in 1 979, only two years after The Collector of Treasures was published. At the time of writing, Head was located firmly in an ambiguous space: not really a citizen of either country, and not really belonging to any particular (or at least recognized) racial grouping. Her concerns are visible in the readings of the short stories to be discussed hereafter. They tell the tales of movement, of a search for identity in the self and in the community. The characters in the stories take space and color for themselves an ideal place using the various modes through which a person knows and constructs a reality (Tuna cited in Sample 1991: 311). Her belief in the continuity of people is revealed, as she says: The least I can say for myself is that I forcefully created for myself under extremely hostile conditions, my ideal life. I took an obscure and almost unknown village in the Southern African bush and made it my own hallowed ground. Here, in the steadiness and peace of my own world, I could dream a little ahead of the somewhat vicious clamor of revolution and the horrible stench of social systems. My work was always tentative because it was always so completely new: it created a new world out of nothing; it brought all minds of people, both literate and semi-literate together, and it did not really qualify who was who everyone had a place in my world (Head cited in Sample 1991:312). Fittingly, the first short story I will deal with is also the first in the collection, and, interestingly, seems to offer some foreshadowing insights into some of the problems that would become a part of later society in post-Nine-/colonial rule and are dealt with in the stories later in the collection. The Deep River: A Story of Ancient Tribal Migration tells the story of a tribe, the people of Monoplane, whose kingdom was somewhere in the central part of Africa Head 1977:1 The ambiguous centrality of the tribe?s location lends itself to the idea that the problems faced by the tribe belonged to or would belong to, in this analysis all the people of Africa, and not simply those of a particular nation or region whose existence was delimited by external and constructed powers of control; borders which, in all reality, created different nations out of the same people. There are a number of themes at play in this story; the ideal community whose subjects really lived identity-less lives under the unquestionable rule of dictated authority, the corruptive power of authority, gender determinism, and finally, the search for home in new lands. Long ago, when the land was only cattle tracks and footpaths, the people lived together like a deep river (1). In the very first sentence, two motifs are introduced: movement and water. The footpaths might refer to a pre- industrial era, one of relative simplicity and free of capitalist influences, but it also might speak to the pattern of migrant and migrant labor forced upon the African people during the period of colonialism, a pattern which would remain one of the most central paradigms of socio-economic living even long after the continent was decolonize. But for now, it could make reference to the central theme of all the stories in this collection and Heads own state of traditionalism: the search for a home in which identity might manifest itself, individually and communally. Water is also an important motif in Heads stories. It comes to represent healing and well-being. In The Deep River the depth and nourishing power of the river is synonymous with the peace and calm of the people, who live together unruffled by conflict or movement forward (1 The tribe is, like the river, a wealth of tradition that returns a kind of stagnation. The river is deep, and not fast, and, like the people, unruffled by Movement forward. Immediately this allows the tribe to be imagined as stuck in its specific ways. This notion is confirmed when the manner in which they live is examined. The people lived without faces, except for their chief, whose face was the face of all the people (1). The people were community orientated, but also without individual identities. The people accepted this regimental leveling down of their individual souls (2) and followed the laws of the land, which were really Monoplanes laws. They could not plough, harvest, pound, boil or ferment the corn without permission, and so their own chief rigidly policed the peoples relationship with the land. This community was in actual fact, less than ideal, a top down power structure that quieted the popular democratic. This dynamic would be one that would become a corrosive and pervasive issue later in history, as colonial forces policed the people and their relationship with the land even more unjustly. The people of Monoplane are citizens who do not assert their democratic rights, are not allowed to assert their democratic rights. This is an important understanding to come to when read against Heads own experiences as a racial outlier in South Africa and a refugee in Botswana. This atmosphere of inertia in their own home is heightened when considering the topographic, symbolic and temporal borders as outlined by Johan Shamanism (2007). As a topographic element the river separates the tribe of Monoplane from other hostile tribes or great dangers, and so removes the possibility of harm. Because the location of the tribe is undisclosed (as this story is an entirely fictionally account of the Bootlace tribes history, as explained by Head (6)) it takes on a generalized quality of nation state borderlines. It becomes a symbolic border when considering the fact that without external contact there is no possibility of progression; the only things that could possibly be pictured outside of their own village is the great possibility of danger. Fear becomes an monopolizing factor and prevents any purport unity for development. The calm of the river and of the people is upset when Subleases right to chieftain comes into question. He admits to having conceived a son with Ranking, his late fathers wife, and takes her and the child as his own. His brothers, Animate and Moslems, are terrified that Subleases child would displace them in seniority and thus get to rule as chief before them, and they urge their brother to renounce both son and wife. When Seeable refuses to do so, they keep on him, and tacitly force him to leave the village. And so from this the corruptive power of authority can be read. Greedily, the brothers would rather force their own brother from his home than be outranked by a baby. Like its spatial positioning in this textual landscape, its temporarily becomes an intrinsic property. It outlines the passage from then into now, from the mime of unquestioning subjectivity under Monoplane to Subleases splinter groups experience later in the land of the Bandwagon people. It is important to note that the only time territory is reckon sized by name and location is here, when the splinter group have relocated and have come into contact with many other tribes like the Phalange, Bake and Boatswains (6). The reader is then allowed to attribute this very fable-like history to a particular people in a particular place and thus understand the power of landscape mapping; our eyes follow the footprints in the text until something s made familiar. The temporal borders in this story convey something about the erosive ability of time, as well as the static and discriminatory notions with regards to gender. The old men there keep on giving confused and contradictory accounts of their origins, but they say they lost their place of birth over a woman (6). The people cannot even remember their own history, and remain resentful that they lost their home, even though the splinter group who decided to leave did so voluntarily. The splinter group, before deciding to join Seeable had already decided that Animate and Moslems [were] at the OTTOMH of all this trouble (5), and yet to this day (6), the men maintain that it was a woman who had done it. This unequivocally shows that women remain the scapegoats of history; that the universal she had somehow poisoned the well from which the would-be mighty ruler had drunk. In a world where women were of no account (3), Seeable is admonished for taking his relationship with his new wife, Ranking, seriously. Ranking, the only female in the story to be mentioned by name, is compared to a child, and, if taken advice from, would negate the legitimacy of Seibel?s rule. Even Rawnesss father tries to convince her that her feelings are simply a passing fancy, that women never know their own minds (4). This is problematic for it implies that women operate on a lower consciousness level than men, if any at all. She responds by asserting other women may not know their minds (5), showing strength of character and will, but is interrupted by her fathers impersonal hand, pointing towards a new husband for her. Ranking, however, decides to leave her new partner and join Seeable on his journey to new lands. Head gives Ranking a voice where there women are denied it, and creates a metaphoric landscape in which women might be able to make themselves heard and exercise control over their own lives (Sample 1992: 311). In my opinion, Ranking becomes the predicate upon which the intrepid women figures later in the collection are drawn from. Much later in their history, the tribe has relocated to the land of the Bandwagon, and the name Teetotal was all they were to retain of their identity as the people of the kingdom of Monoplane (Head 1992: 6). In the language spoken by the tribe of Monoplane, Teetotal meant, all right, you an go (6). The language of their tribe became an integral part of their identity as a community in their new land. The new tribe literally referred to themselves as a dismissal, the notion of the journey a congenital layer in their new make-up. The people have become transnational themselves, with a historical sense of continuity. They are at once still the people of Monoplane, as well as the new people of the Teetotal. The next story in the collection is Jacob: The Story of a Faith-Healing Priest. In this story the reader becomes very aware of Heads preoccupation with the elites of human nature, of a split between good and bad. This duality manifests itself in the landscape and in the characters and is a representation of the clash of values between encroaching modernism and traditional life. As Head says in The Collector of Treasures there were really only two kinds of men in society (87). Believe this refers literally to her pattern of juxtaposing good and bad men where here, Jacob is set up against Lebanon. Also believe that it may refer to a more universal tendency to refer to society as mankind, where people contain within themselves a fundamental split. In Jacob, Jacob is beautiful and simple and deeply sincere (25) and engages in a life of meagerness. He lives in a simple hut, provides spiritual counsel to the people, takes no donations and places his trust and faith into his children followers, associating him with innocence and child-like goodness. In stark contrast to this, Lebanon is a selfish, greedy man who exploits his followers, lives in a mansion and is believed to indulge in witchcraft, or black magic. This juxtaposition is represented in the landscape where each man lives on a different side of Mangle, Jacob on the sunrise side, and Lebanon on the unset side. Clear images of good and bad, light and dark are set up, and so the split in the town illustrates the split between characters both external and internal. It is the topographic and symbolic border of the text. This binary also characterizes the temporal border of the text; Jacobs passage from a man as Prophet Lebanon (21) into his final and biblical form of goodness. Jacob had owned a beer brewing business, had a beautiful but materialistic wife and two attractive daughters. One night he is robbed and left with only a few hundred rand, when he hears the voice of God, bidding him to do his DOD work. Jacob had heard this voice before, on the night of his parents death. His father was a German man and had married a Montanan woman, and here it is clear that Head inserts some of her ova,JNI ambiguity into Jacob, rendering the split in him as intrinsic. Heads water motif comes into play here again, and its dualities are evident. She spends a page and a half describing the lush landscape of the village, and makes it clear that for Head, Botswana was a place of restorative powers and healing possibilities. The village of Mangle received its yearly quota of twenty-two inches of rain List the rest of the country was smitten by drought (19). A river also borders Mangle, marking the village as a fountain of good fortune and spiritual well-being it is home to two prophets. Drought in Heads stories comes to represent a spiritual barrenness, but this will be discussed later. However, water is also what killed Jacobs parents their car skidded into the river during a heavy downpour. It is als o believed that Lebanon could even make rain (36), tainting the spirituality of Mangles supposed good fortune with the evil of Lebanons black magic. Though it may notation both good and bad properties, it could be argued that if it were not for the death of Jacobs parents, he may never have heard the voice of God, and therefore would not have been pushed into the spiritual journey that resulted in him becoming the good and faithful man he did. This temporal border, Jacobs spiritual journey into selflessness, is also represented by his transition between two kinds of women. His first wife is selfish, greedy and materialistic and leaves him when he invites her to join in Gods work with him. Johanna, his second wife, is a single mother with children and presents the important conventions of traditional life. Just as Ranking is the only woman mentioned by name, so too is Johanna. She is strong willed, driven, and recognized as a real woman (30). And so, on a basic level, Jacobs first wife represents a capitalist society, whilst Johanna represents a traditional one. These values clash and cannot live together inside Jacob, just as Jacob and Lebanon cannot both live in the village. Lebanon becomes a victim of his own villainy and is caught performing a ritual murder. He is sentenced to death and [p]people say the OLL of Lebanon returned from the grave To tell the people whom he awoke at night his fellow ritual murderers to desist from taking the lives of people because of the agony he was suffering now (36). This may serve as a warning against the consequences of a lifestyle of capitalist greed and selfish indulgence. In her characterization and landscape, Head sets up dualities and borders across which people must travel. Though there is minimal physical movement in the story (Jacob travels into Mangle, as do his followers from other villages, including Johanna), the journeys undertaken by the characters come spiritual ones. They are the quests to find meaning and happiness in a traditional society ravaged by exploited capitalist economic infrastructures. This is the search for a cultural identity that is pursued by reconstructing reality through modes Of knowing; a search projected onto the landscape Of the text as characters attempt to cross external and personal borders and thus become actively involved in shaping their own worlds. In Life, an ironic title as the story culminates in the protagonists death, the clash of values between modern and traditional lifestyles are explored, as ell as the gender specific roles and expectations assigned to women. The story opens up with a socio-historical account of the relationship between South Africa and Botswana the borders were first set up between the two countries in 1963 and forced all Botswana citizens back to their country of birth. Head goes on to summarize a heavy flow of foot-traffic between the two countries, as migrant labor was a booming industry. From the first page, Head turns her personal traditionalism into a literary vision to convey a powerful sense of the endless border crossings, of continuation and linkages twine people (Nixon 1996: 244). In the story, Life is one of these people. Having left her village of birth at ten years old, she returns from Johannesburg seventeen years later (Head 1 992: 37). She is therefore a dislocated woman, having lived in the village but having been formed as an individual in the big city. Hers is the story and history of the continent; of forced displacement and the struggle to remained identity. The landscape of this story is not so much a physical one; descriptions of the physical terrain (as in the previous two) hold less symbolic importance than o the landscape of personal spheres of existence and clashing centers. Upon her return to the village, Life is shown to her family yard in the center of the village. With her vitality, extravagance and penchant for a luxurious and free lifestyle, people flock to Lifes center like moths to a flame; %She is going to bring us a little light, the women said among themselves (38). Life picked up her old profession of prostitution and soon the din and riot of a Johannesburg township was duplicated A transistor radio blared the day long. Men and women reeled around drunk (40). Life conceptualizes her new laity through the reconstructive modes of familiarity; by transporting the center of Johannesburg (that which she knows) into the heart of the village she creates in herself and her surrounds a sense of belonging. Lifes identity and life is intimately linked to the preservation of this center of vitality. SEG, the wealthy cattleman, occupies another center of village life, one that represents a new kind of male in the colonial era. He is simultaneously emblematic of the cultural mores and values of traditional village life as well a willing and opportunistic recipient of all things brought to African life by alongside, and enforced by neo-colonialism. As Life acknowledges in him (after he walks into the same bar that she conducts her business of selling herself) ; [h]e was the nearest thing she had seen for a long time to the Johannesburg gangsters she had associated with He same power and control (41). With a silent command he orders Life to his end of the bar, she adheres, and so their spheres come into contact. Sample (1991) suggests that Lifes downfall was due to the fact that Life moved her center into Lessees sphere. I don think that this rings completely true. Lifes center of existence had always revolved around power, money and extravagance, and just like the gangsters she had associated with in Johannesburg Lessee represented these values He was invited into her sphere so that they might control the center together. Life did not have to go home with Lessee that night, but she did so voluntarily. And had Lessee not in fact been at the same time, two kinds of men both traditional and modern Lifes fate may have been different. Lifes movement from her end of the bar to Lessees that night (41 ) delineates the temporal and symbolic borders of the landscape in this story. It suggests the moving of people into different spheres of life (symbolic), as well as Lifes passage into destruction (temporal). When Lessee arrived that night, death walked quietly into the bar (41 ). Lifes center thus becomes one of male control and dominance; He took control of all the money. She had to ask him for it and state what it was to be used for. Then he didnt like the transistor radio blaring the whole day long (41 In Life we see the emergence of a new kind of woman as well, equally influenced by the economic and power opportunities brought about by modernity. The beer-brewing women are a prime example of this. Surrounded but not ruled by the village ethos of simplicity and domestic obedience, they refuse to subscribe to these ideologies; Boyfriends, yes. Husbands, uh, uh, no. Do this! Do that! We want to rule ourselves (39). They are able to differentiate between romantic relationships and self- empowerment, stating that [l]eve is love and money is money (40). For this reason, Life becomes their queen. Michael Faculty writes about space being linked to power, and one can see this in these brave women, who flex the boundaries Of traditional life and create for themselves a world in which they re in control. Life, for a brief time, lives by her husbands rules, but becomes bored by the banality and repetition of daily life. Her vivacious spirit cannot be quieted, and in an act of final rebellion, she coordinates the event that will ultimately result in her death. [A] wild anger was driving her to break out of a way of life that was like death to her (44), and so she makes an appointment with a man at six oclock, even though she knows her husband is at home. She knows the consequences of her action as Lessee warned her at the beginning of their marriage that [I]f oh [Life] go with those men again Ill [Lessee] kill you (43). It seems as though Life wants to be caught, as though she would rather be killed physically than slowly die the spiritual death of a village wife. Alerted to Lifes actions in the yard Of a neighbor, and true to his word, Lessee kills Life with a large knife that he used for slaughtering cattle (45). In this sentence alone the value of women as a commodity to be consumed or destroyed is highlighted. She is no better than a cow, one that might earlier have been the prize of his herd, but now must be destroyed and swallowed whole without a thought. Speaking to Lessees position as a new colonial male and the unfair gender balance is Lessees sentence. The judge was a white man, and therefore not involved in Tsarina custom and its debates (46), and reacted sympathetically to Lessee who remained calm and diplomatic during his trial. Undoubtedly the judge was able to identify with these characteristics, which must have marked Lessee as a man of a new era. Lessee received only five years imprisonment. Heads comment on the gender imbalance is elucidated when compared to Diesels situation in The Collector of Treasures; she received a life sentence for committing the same crime. Once again Heads tacit monomania for dualities and the split self becomes clear. Contrasts are drawn between Life and the other village women. Even the beer-brewers, who admire her, remain somewhat removed, as they hadnt fallen that low yet (40). These clashes of values can be seen in a light similar to the clash between Jacob and Lebanon. Just as the two men could not both live in the village, neither could Life nor Lessee. He is a man split by down the middle by traditional village predicates and the greed of modern life, while she is a fire that eventually burns herself out rather than be tamed. The space Head creates in the textual landscape of this narrative is one of contested places of power, belonging and identity. Life and Lessee want to, at the same time, inhabit their individual spheres as well as share one together. Fee compromises while Lessee does not. Although physically they share the same space, they have each ascribed to it a different notion of life, happiness and identity. Their centers fight for control, and, as commented by Lessees friend at the end of the story, rivers never cross here (46). If we take into account Heads motif of water as life and healing, then both Life and Lessee re their own rivers, determining the health and direction of their own lives. They can never meet and remain individual rivers, because the current of one will always be stronger than the other. Heads experience as a transnational, attempting to create an ideal life in new spaces is illuminated in this tale of migration and of crossed borders.

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work Essay

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work - Essay Example It stretched from accommodating few natives to a large influx of immigrants from Latin America and other parts of the world. The city had not come up with a long term strategy to include all these new members. So the welfare system was overburdened and after some years (forty years), it started becoming inefficient. In the nineties, employees working for the welfare system in the City felt unsafe and started reinforcing their offices to protect themselves. Clients on welfare had to waste most of their day waiting for welfare workers who could not even deliver upon meeting the clients. Client files started getting lost; welfare workers did not complete cases and kept jumping from client to client so there was no case of continuity. This made most clients angry and they vented out their frustrations on social workers forcing security guards to intervene. This meant that people on welfare could not make time for other productive activities because they spent most of their time trying to chase for benefits and looking for child care. 'Mass confusion' are the perhaps the most appropriate words to use when describing the city's welfare prior to 1995. The New York welfare system underwent a rapid change between 1995 and 2001 or we could say that reforms were introduced. These reforms occurred during Rudolph Giuliani's term as New York mayor. Some of the changes that the welfare system saw were the decline in number of people on welfare; from one point one million to about six hundred. The welfare system's method of approach also changed. Instead of giving checks to clients, they were given jobs; it became employment based instead of issuing handouts. However, there is another side to this reform. Jobs were not just dished out from all directions. Welfare clients had to prove that they were compliant. This implied that the so called 'difficult clients' were not considered this included drug addicts and the like. Besides, this there were problems in system management and all these will be looked at in the subsequent sections in detail. Welfare reforms were not 'the knight on a white horse' for the residents of the City of New York. (Mead, 1992) 2.0 Literature review There are a number of changes that were observed during Giuliani's regime. There is no doubt that the general approach was work oriented. From the 1995 to 1999, most of the policies imposed sanctions and mainly dealt with work requirements. Clients were required to meet a certain criteria and if they were did not comply, then they were met by sanctions. During this time, New York saw the rejection of about a large number of adults. Cases of sanctioning increased from eight percent to fourteen percent. Besides these, the system was characterized by compulsory workfare jobs. This implied that there were a number of adults that were involved in work experience program jobs. These were more of assignments than actual jobs. However in the last years of Giuliani's regime (99-01) emphasis on workfare started diminishing and some emphasis was now being placed on training for jobs. This involved the three plus two model. Welfare adults were required to attend three days of workfare and they were also supposed to dedicate the remaining two days of the week to a training program such as education or job readiness service. There were also a number of programs that focused on special groups.